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n = 7009Body weight change (kg) Waist circumference change (cm) β (95% CI) p -valueβ (95% CI) p -valueGDS (per 1 SD) −0.16 (− 0.21, − 0.12) < 0.0001 −0.27 (− 0.35, − 0.20) < 0.0001 Sex Men (n = 2986) − 0.14 (− 0.21, − 0.07) < 0.0001 −0.18 (− 0.28, − 0.09) < 0.0001 Women (4023) −0.18 (− 0.25, − 0.12) < 0.0001 −0.35 (− 0.46, − 0.23) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.498 0.019 Age < 65 (n = 2688) −0.19 (− 0.26, − 0.11) < 0.0001 −0.24 (− 0.36, − 0.13) < 0.0001 ≥ 65 (n = 4321) −0.15 (− 0.21, − 0.09) < 0.0001 −0.29 (− 0.39, − 0.19) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.371 0.591 Obesity status Non-obese (n = 3723) −0.15 (− 0.21, − 0.09) < 0.0001 −0.21 (− 0.32, − 0.11) < 0.0001 Obese (n = 3286) −0.19 (− 0.26, − 0.11) < 0.0001 −0.35 (− 0.47, − 0.24) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.445 0.076 Abdominal obesity status Non-abdominal obese (n = 1881) −0.10 (− 0.18, − 0.02) 0.016 −0.18 (− 0.31, − 0.05) 0.007 Abdominal obese (n = 5128) −0.19 (− 0.25, − 0.13) < 0.0001 −0.31 (− 0.41, − 0.22) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.107 0.042 Diabetes status Non-diabetics (n = 3618) −0.25 (− 0.32, − 0.18) < 0.0001 −0.27 (− 0.38, − 0.17) < 0.0001 Diabetics (n = 3391) −0.07 (− 0.13, 0.00) 0.037 −0.27 (− 0.38, − 0.16) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.0001 0.864 Intervention group Controls (n = 2298) −0.19 (− 0.27, − 0.11) < 0.0001 −0.33 (− 0.48, − 0.18) < 0.0001 Intervention (n = 4711) −0.15 (− 0.21, − 0.10) < 0.0001 −0.25 (− 0.34, − 0.17) < 0.0001 p for interaction 0.317 0.503
β (95% CI) represents difference in yearly change in body weight (kg) or waist circumference (cm) associated with increments of each GDS (per 1 SD). Model used for generalized estimating equation analysis was adjusted for time, sex, center, intervention group, age, baseline BMI/WC (depending on the outcome) and educational level, as well as yearly measured changes in smoking status and physical activity. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2 , and abdominal obesity as waist circumference ≥ 88 cm (women) and ≥ 102 cm (men)
